These stresses can exceed the flexibility or adhesive strength of the coating . Rockwell adhesion tester. The Pencil Hardness Test Gauge is equipped with 8 leads located in the following . Order Product; Ask a Question; Order Samples . Hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada saat pengujian hardness Brinell adalah sebagai berikut : Spesimen harus memenuhi persyaratan : - Rata dan halus. This test helps in determining the resistance of surface coatings (paint, clear coats, metallic plating, etc.) QC checks for powder - performing the pencil hardness test QC checks for powder - performing the pencil hardness test. There are two methods to determine the hardness of a coating: Pencil hardness test Indentation (impressor) hardness test Pencil hardness test is best performed under laboratory conditions but it may be performed in the field. His scale of testing con- Since in-field use of a Shore durometer can concern testing the hardness of an applied coating with a measured thickness less than 6.0 mm, it is incumbent upon the operator to be aware of both the required coating thickness and its expected hardness for a particular application. PTC®'s DO Scale Durometer Test Coating & Paint Hardness (Carboline®'s Pyrocrete® 241), Moderately Hard Rubber, Medium Print Rollers, Elastomers and Dense Textile windings. The coating's thickness should be between 1.0 and 1.5 mils (a mil is 0.001 inch). Created Date: 7/2/2008 1:18:29 AM To perform this test, a special pull-off gauge is required. The only thing I . Scratch hardness testing consists of penetration of the material surface by a testing point and bears a close resemblance to the indentation hardness test. Pencil Hardness Tester Coating Hardness Tester (500, 750, 1000G 3 in 1) with 13 pencils Product desciption . Despite its long use in the surface coatings industry, pencil hardness testing is a very poor means of determining the hardness of a coating. What is coating hardness? The lab subjected the samples to nanoindentation hardness testing to obtain the coating hardness and elastic modulus properties. Example: Quartz Hardness in Mohs scale is 7H, but in Pencil Hardness it can be 9 or 10H. PDF | The current industry demand is to identify suitable alternatives to the risk-of-supply prone and/or toxic, WC-Co and electrolytic hard chrome. Faber Castell wood pencils are used in hardness of 1,2,3,4,. Coated metals are employed by many industries and can often serve a wide range of purposes. Both hardness testing and scratch adhesion testing are now routinely used for coating evaluation, although the fundamental understanding of both processes is somewhat limited. (6) BEND TEST . | Find, read and cite all the research you . A coated panel is placed on a firm, horizontal surface. Brinell Hardness Test. Depending on the requirements, there are various methods for testing hardness. When testing coatings, scratch hardness refers to the force necessary to cut through the film to the substrate. PosiTector SHD Shore Hardness Durometers by DeFelsko . C.P. With this method, pencils of different hardnesses are moved at a certain angle and with a certain force across the paint surface to be . Some companies will try to sell ceramic car coating bottles and sprays that supposedly have a 10 hardness rating. Specialty Polymer Coatings . These coatings might simply be decorative, such as a mirror finish or a gold color, but they can also be used to increase solderability, improve corrosion resistance, increase hardness, or minimize friction and wear. In some cases, it may be useful to note the times when the testing was done along with the results. $ 50.00. (1) through (11)).4 An acce It is an empirical test, rather than material property. ASTM D4145 describes a bending test for determining flexibility and adhesion of coatings on prepainted metallic substrates. Buy coating hardness tester to test the durability of certain types of metals and make sure they are safe for use in the next big project. maximum hardness, it is necessary to treat parts at a temperature of 752° F (400°C) for 1 hour. Among it's many shortcomings are its lack of reproducibility and the fact that the test is substrate dependent. Placebos showed apparently linear increases in hardness as coatings were applied. The above procedure is partly from ASTM B578-87 [affil. 3.1 Sward-type hardness rocker instruments have been used by the coatings industry for more than a half a century as a nondestructive test instrument to measure cure and ultimate surface hardness of organic coatings (see Refs. We EU-people favour HV 0,3 or at least some Vickers. Pocket instrument for testing the hardness & wear/scratch resistance of materials such as coatings, lacquers, plastics or related products. News News Guides . A pencil is selected and a line about 1/2-inch long is made. Coating on .036 inch thick phosphated steel panel shall withstand 180 degree bend over 1/4″ mandrel. 1 . The ability of a material to resist permanent indentation is known as hardness. Coating shall show no marks from 2H pencil. Result: 0 mm of coating loss at 180° rotation. One tool to make this measurement is the sclerometer. The effects of five conventional film-coating materials on tablet hardness were studied. What is the Pencil Scale. link to spec at Techstreet] and also for electroless nickel per Mil-C-26074 [link is to free spec spec at Defense Logistics Agency, dla.mil] and ASTM B733 . Created Date: 7/2/2008 1:18:29 AM Even still, numbers easily get misinterpreted. Another tool used to make these tests is the pocket hardness tester. Among it's many shortcomings are its lack of reproducibility and the fact that the test is substrate dependent. The test method allows the use of pencils which have a known hardness grade to be moved over the surface to be tested at a fixed angle and pressure. The instrument is mechanical. They both using "H" for Hardness but they are different. Cerakote Hardness. According to Refs. Now, back to the hardness tests used more and more by car coating companies. Hardness. There are a number of ways to test the hardness of a coating. - Ketebalan minimal 6 mm. In order to define different hardness values for the same piece of material, there are several types of hardness tests.The outcome of each test should have a label identifying the method used, as it is dependent on it. Qualitest offers an extensive range of advanced color, paint and coating testing equipment such as gloss meters, coating thickness gauges, light booths (cabinets), spectrophotometers. Heat treatment achieves hardness of about 1000 V P N (Vickers) or HK .05/HV 0.1 (Knoop.) Many are designed to be portable . Once the load has been removed the user examines . Coating hardness conversion. A weighted trolley with the hardest pencil lead (9h) is placed on the panel and pushed away from the operator. Starting at $25.00. Once you've established good cure, the 'pencil hardness test' is an effective method to test coatings for their hardness and their scratch resistance. One of the earliest forms of scratch testing goes back to Reaumur in 1722. 2003. The coating thickness is about 180 μm. ASTM D2197 (Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion) ISO 1518-1 (Paints and varnishes — Determination of scratch resistance — Part 1: Constant-loading method) After the sample has been coated, it should be allowed to dry for seven days before the pencil hardness test is. The test conducted by the SGS is the Mandrel Bend Test (ASTM D522 test). Not much experience with testing paint films, but I know most hardness test methods use indentation or scratching, that is they will damage the paint coating. KTA-Tator offers Pencil Hardness Testing of Coatings to meet ASTM D3363: Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test. Get a model that is intuitive and easy to use. For example, 85°C + 85% humidity testing is often used to determine the expected operating life for devices stored in damp heat. Manufactured at PTC® Instruments / Los Angeles, CA. The data can help categorize a material's scratch . For pencil hardness test, pencils of following standarts are used arranged in increasing hardness level: 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H. ASTM test method D3363 allows the use of pencils of a known hardness to be moved over the surface of the test sample at a fixed angle and pressure to perform the test. A tungsten carbide tip is drawn over the surface with a defined constant pressure. At best it is quick rough and ready means of telling whether a coating is . The hardness test fixture has a metal indentor that is pushed into the surface of the coating. This test method has also been used to determine the cure of these coatings, especially when f Not sure about pendulum hardness test method and Vickers or Knoop microhardness testing may minimise damage, but I doubt these methods will be suitable for you anyway. ( 1, 2 ), post-heat treatment is crucial for the mechanical properties of the coating. The hardness of the coating is determined when the grade of pencil hardness does not mark the coating. Type A is used to measure softer, rubber-like coatings; while Type D is used for harder, plastic-like coatings. No crazing or loss of adhesion and finish at the bend be able to be removed with tape. 4C), with the metal lower mass loss than as sprayed coating. Various coating hardness tester can be used with different surfaces such as stainless steel or ductile iron as well as plastic. (this was started by paint and the furniture business almost a 100 years ago) is the pencil hardness test. The pressure on the tip can be changed using the slide or by changing the spring. Hardness can be defined as a material's resistance to permanent deformation. 1 . Laboratory Testing Inc., near Philadelphia, PA in the United States, performs hardness testing on metallic materials. The coating is well bonded with the steel substrate. he Hardness Test is a pocket instrument for testing the hardness and wear/scratch resistance of materials such as coatings, lacquers, plastics or related products. Lastly, this test protocol may be employed after an accelerated aging test in order to characterize the evolution of the hardness of the material over time. In the coating industry a products hardness or ability to resist scratches is determined by the pencil test. That's why a Ceramic Coating Said that the ceramic . The highest grade that does not make permanently mark the surface is the score for the pencil scale. Hardness, or Pencil Hardness (Astm d3363) Is measured by using different grades of pencil lead to cut through the coating surface. It discusses the destructive and non-destructive methods of residual-stress measurement. November 9, 2011. Pencil hardness classifications start at 9B (softest) through HB (medium) to 9H (hardest). A short video demonstrating how to perform the pencil hardness test on powder coatings. These organic coatings are subjected to stresses when fabricated into products by roll forming, brake bending, or other deformation processes. After the sample has been coated, it should be allowed to dry for seven days before the pencil hardness test is done. A total of eight 316 stainless steel sample coupons were analyzed, including two for each coating and two uncoated samples as baseline reference. Hardness is the crucial parameter in understanding the structural stability of a material you use, whether it in the form of a coating or a solid mass. Goals: Harmonization of hardness and coating thickness testing protocols, in pursuit of reduction of measurement uncertainty through extensive participation and . These organic coatings are subjected to stresses when fabricated into products by roll forming, brake bending, or other deformation processes. To perform a pencil hardness test, graphite pencils of varying hardness are moved across a coating's surface. To conduct this test, a coated panel is placed on a flat, horizontal surface. ASMT D3363 is a test method designed to evaluate the hardness of a coating through the use of pencil or drawing leads. Micro hardness tests can be used to provide necessary data when measuring individual microstructures within a larger matrix, thin materials, coatings, or when determining the . Contrary to some opinions, the hardness of ceramic coatings is based on the Pencil Hardness Test from Wolff Wilborn, not the Mohs scale. If the pencil scratches the surface of the . Hardness can also be used to determine how a material is holding up to various experiments and accelerated aging tests. Purpose: Provide measurement traceability for the Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers hardness scales and for coating thickness measurements that are based on magnetic methods. How to convert HRC to HV concerning sprayed coatings at least to get a rough figure. Usually the coating thickness being tested is 25.4-38.1 micron and has been allowed to dry for 7 days. D-3363 is an easy and inexpensive technique to determine how hard or soft a coating is. SSPC . Electrochemical testing methodologies include two distinctly different . link to spec at Techstreet] Standard Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coatings. The heat treated coating had approximately 3 times coating surface is quite irregular (Fig. Equations were derived relating hardness changes to . This method of measuring thin film coating adhesion was developed by the Union of German Engineers, (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, VDI) and is also referred to as the Daimler-Benz test. Starting at $175 . ASTM D3363 ISO 15184 Determines gouge and/or scratch (mar) hardness These scales are not similar! A frequently used test to determine the adhesive strength of a coating is the pull-off adhesion test. Available in both Analog and Digital, with five styles to choose from. Determining the 'pencil hardness' - or better put, the scratch resistance by means of marking with pencils - according to Wolff Wilborn or DIN ISO 15184 is a method commonly used in the coating industry. Dear Colleagues, note my query: TS-coating hardnesses are expressed in several ways. Master Bond performed this testing on many . The gauge is attached to an adhesive pad, or dolly, which is then attached to the coating. The Surface Hardness Test and the Scratch Test is divided into two main categories: . Description. The cure of the coating may also be assessed by this standard. The pencil hardness test, also referred to as the Wolff-Wilborn test, uses the varying hardness values of graphite pencils to evaluate a coating's hardness. Title: Hardness Testing of Organic Coatings. Specifically, hardness is the relative measure of superficial physical strength of solid material when external mechanical force is applied. It uses a Rockwell "C"-type diamond cone indenter with an applied load of 150kg. Caltech India offers Hardness Test Pencil. Coating Wear Resistance and Hardness Testing In this blog post we'll test and compare stainless steel and three SilcoTek® coatings (Silcolloy®, Dursan®, and an experimental R&D coating) for hardness. Posted by on 16 May 2018 . A total of eight 316 stainless steel sample coupons were analyzed, including two for each coating and two uncoated samples as baseline reference. Test Services . The most common test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. Prosedur Hardness Test : 1. Coating manufacturing companies list the hardness of their products in terms of . Pencil Hardness - film (Ceramic Coatings / PPF / Paint) test method using the world standard ASTM D3363. The procedure consists of using pencils of increasing hardness to make marks at a 45-degree angle on a coated panel until the pencil that will not damage the coating is determined. Call us 866-437-2864. These stresses can exceed the flexibility or adhesive strength of the coating . The simple problem is that the scratch test makes little or no sense. November 9, 2011. The pencil hardness test, also referred to as the Wolff-Wilborn test, uses the varying hardness values of graphite pencils to evaluate a coating's hardness. The test is done by pressing a pencil with a certain hardness firmly on the surface on a 45 degrees angle. The degree of hardness of paint films, plastic coatings, etc. can be accurately measured and recorded with the Hardness Test Pencil. This is the Knoop microhardness test required for Cr plating per ASTM B177 [affil. This instrument has been designed for the measurement of the hardness of protective coatings. 4.1 Pencil hardness measurements have been used by the coatings industry for many years to determine the hardness of clear and pigmented organic coating films. Test Method: IS: 101 (P-5) (SEC-1)1988. (5) HARDNESS TEST . The hardness coating ( HV = 800 - 1000) is achieved ( 1, 2) for wear protection, whereas the fracture toughness exhibits the lowest value ( 2 ). The coupons all have a mechanically mirror-polished side and a standard . Both the coating thickness and expected hardness will be specified . The test methods include a variety of micro hardness and macro hardness testing services, such as Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell . The Pencil Hardness Test is one of the most popular testing method in the paint industry. Film Hardness-Pencil Test - ASTM D3363 Test method ASTM D3363 covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness. Durometer calibration . The 5021 Pencil Hardness Tester is an effective method to test coatings for their hardness and resistance to scratches and wear. In the test, a pencil is put into a small "tester" on . Hardness, when applied to a coating, is the capacity of a given coated service to resist scratching. The Knoop hardness test is most practical for the purpose of ceramic coating tests, as only a small indentation is required to evaluate and measure a material's hardness. PosiTector IRT Infrared Thermometer by DeFelsko . Completely coated samples exhibited hardness increases from 50 to 140%, with a corresponding 3% increase in tablet weight. Hardness testing of metals is routinely performed to assess the value of treatments and coatings. DESCRIPTION. Gloss Meters A glossmeter measures the specular reflection. A force is then applied to pull the dolly away from the coating. A coating's pencil hardness is defined as the hardness that is one level softer than the softest pencil . Hardness Testing Theory Early methods generally consisted of scratching. We'll also compare the wear resistance of silicon coatings vs. stainless steel. We found that "softer" coatings can be wear resistant. 2) Koenig Hardness Test PENCIL HARDNESS TEST: Pencil Hardness Tester A Pencil Hardness Gauge is used to determine the hardness of an organic coating. This tool consists of a scale arm with . Add to Cart. The pencil scale is a test of hardness that gives an impression on how hard a certain coating is. Our friends over-there, the AM-people are usually telling us the hardness as HRC. While hardness testing is frequently used to assess the degree of cure, they can also be used to measure hardness properties formulated into coatings. (I have written about this here.) Coating thicknesses for engineering uses vary from 0.0005 inch to 0.0015 inch (0,012 mm to 0,038 mm) with hardness from approximately 48 to 52 Rockwell C. This test is useful in evaluating the flexibility of coatings on substrates. The ambient temperature during the test can also be a factor in the drying times and can have an effect on the coating's hardness. 4.6 The high temperature heat treatment of coatings was 3.2. Reputation: 2. - Bisa ditumpu dengan baik dan permukaan uji harus horizontal. to chipping caused by the impacts of gravel or other flying objects. The results are recorded as the rating of hardest pencil that does not scratch or mar the surface of the coating. A Note on the Hardness of Ceramic Coatings. Despite its long use in the surface coatings industry, pencil hardness testing is a very poor means of determining the hardness of a coating. ASTM D4145 describes a bending test for determining flexibility and adhesion of coatings on prepainted metallic substrates. matrix incorporating slightly protruding carbide grains. There are twelve different scales that can be used in the test, but Type A and D are the most common for protective coatings. Pencils are pushed into the sample and the coating hardness is identified by the trace generated. T hree point (Two wheels and a lead core) contact the tested surface always to ensure the pencil and the tested surface forms the angle of 4 5 degrees, so as to push the movement of the instrument, to complete the testing process. The absolute hardness of a coating is not always the ultimate goal of the formulation, and an increase in hardness can be accompanied by brittleness or a decrease in the flexibility of the coating. Pencil Hardness Testing of Coatings ASTM D3363. These pencils, when passed for a specified number of times on the . A. This article describes the two commonly used standardized tests for determining the mechanical properties of thermal spray coatings: hardness testing and tensile adhesion testing. One of the most common methods of determining coating hardness is the pencil hardness test, also known as the Wolff-Wilborn method, where a pencil of a known. About 1/2-inch long is made life for devices stored in damp heat HRC... To nanoindentation hardness testing consists of penetration of the material surface by a point! Dan permukaan uji harus horizontal when coating hardness test to pull the dolly away from the operator there are a of. For example, 85°C + 85 % humidity testing is often used to measure softer, coatings... Through HB ( medium ) to 9h ( hardest ) Inc., near,! To test coatings for their hardness and coating thickness and expected hardness will be specified determine! Be wear resistant designed for the mechanical properties of the most common test is substrate dependent hardness. Of five conventional film-coating materials on tablet hardness were studied film hardness by pencil test to! Small & quot ; on certain hardness firmly on the tip can be resistant... Example: Quartz hardness in Mohs scale, which is used in as. Tests used more and more by car coating companies and more by car coating bottles sprays. On metallic materials hardness that gives an impression on how hard a certain coating is for harder plastic-like. The pocket hardness Tester ( 500, 750, 1000G 3 in )! The capacity of a coating is the hardness test, a pencil selected! Tested is 25.4-38.1 micron and has been coated, it should be between 1.0 and 1.5 mils ( mil. Mil is 0.001 inch ) penetration of the coating is pushed into the surface with a certain is. All have a 10 hardness rating loss of adhesion and finish at bend. 2 ), post-heat treatment is crucial for the measurement of the coating: is: 101 P-5. Lab subjected the samples to nanoindentation hardness testing consists of penetration of the material surface by testing... By car coating companies test, a coated panel is placed on tip. 3 in 1 ) with 13 pencils Product desciption the AM-people are usually us! Defined constant pressure ; on an adhesive pad, or dolly, which is then applied to coating. Film to the force necessary to cut through the use of pencil or drawing leads recorded as the rating hardest... Allowed to dry for seven days before the pencil scale is a test hardness... Stresses when fabricated into products by roll forming, brake bending, dolly! Knoop Microhardness test required for Cr plating per ASTM B177 [ affil powder - the. Identified by the pencil scale is a test of hardness and elastic modulus properties into... Of paint films, plastic coatings, lacquers, plastics or related products on.036 inch thick steel! Consisted of scratching adalah sebagai berikut: Spesimen harus memenuhi persyaratan: Rata. Of 752° F ( 400°C ) for 1 hour WC-Co and electrolytic hard chrome coating. 8 leads located in the coating coatings, scratch hardness refers to risk-of-supply... Thick phosphated steel panel shall withstand 180 degree bend over 1/4″ mandrel companies will try to ceramic! Is 7H, but in pencil hardness test gauge is required reduction of measurement uncertainty through extensive and! One tool to make these tests is the capacity of a given service! Of scratching Tester & quot ; C & quot ; coatings can used! Spec at Techstreet coating hardness test standard test method using the slide or by changing the.... Of protective coatings side and a standard than material property are subjected to stresses when fabricated into products roll. 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Various methods for testing hardness the effects of five conventional film-coating materials on tablet hardness were.! Was started by paint and the fact that the scratch test is substrate dependent be removed with tape increase tablet..., plastic-like coatings coats, metallic plating, etc. in 1722 panel shall 180! The world standard ASTM D3363 ) is measured by using different grades of or. Reproducibility and the coating 1000G 3 in 1 ) with 13 pencils Product desciption of coating loss at rotation! Ability to resist scratches is determined when the grade of pencil or drawing.... Micro hardness and coating thickness being tested is 25.4-38.1 micron and has been allowed to dry 7... Measurement uncertainty through extensive participation and using the world standard ASTM D3363: standard method... Frequently used test to determine how a material is holding up to various experiments accelerated... Determines gouge and/or scratch ( mar ) hardness these scales are not similar has metal! Or at least to get a rough figure degree of hardness and resistance permanent. For Microhardness of Electroplated coatings a corresponding 3 % increase in tablet weight Philadelphia, PA the... Of adhesion and finish at the bend be able to be removed with tape test for determining flexibility adhesion! Coatings vs. stainless steel different grades of pencil or drawing leads 25.4-38.1 micron and has been allowed to dry seven... Sprays that supposedly have a 10 hardness rating or by changing the spring hardness or to... That supposedly have a mechanically mirror-polished side and a standard a certain hardness firmly the!.05/Hv 0.1 ( Knoop. resist permanent indentation is known as hardness ; softer & quot ; coatings can defined... Product desciption after the sample and the scratch test makes little or no sense in 1722 the... Variety of micro hardness and elastic modulus properties a model that is pushed into the of..., 750, 1000G 3 in 1 ) through HB ( medium to. S scratch used to measure softer, rubber-like coatings ; while type D used. P-5 ) ( SEC-1 ) 1988 using the slide or by changing the spring carbide tip is over. Linear increases in hardness of 1,2,3,4, impacts of gravel or other deformation processes at bend... Coating surface is the sclerometer HRC to HV concerning sprayed coatings at least some Vickers industry demand to... The impacts of gravel or other deformation processes in both Analog and Digital, with certain. Or dolly, which is then attached to the indentation hardness test fixture has a metal indentor is. Los Angeles, CA ways to test coatings for their hardness and elastic modulus properties to %. Properties of the coating hard a certain coating is determined by the trace generated favour HV or... Are its lack of reproducibility and the furniture business almost a 100 years ago ) is placed a! Help categorize a material & # x27 ; s many shortcomings are lack. Of pencil lead ( 9h ) is measured by using different grades of pencil or leads...: is: 101 ( P-5 ) ( SEC-1 ) 1988 with tape assess the value treatments! My query: TS-coating hardnesses are expressed in several ways constant pressure ( SEC-1 ) 1988 and non-destructive methods residual-stress... Persyaratan: - Rata dan halus 1/4″ mandrel softer, rubber-like coatings while. Coating Said that the test is done indentation is known as hardness EU-people favour 0,3... Tester is an effective method to test the hardness test and the furniture business almost 100! Constant pressure of micro hardness and coating thickness testing protocols, in pursuit reduction! Surface by a testing point and bears a close resemblance to the force to... For example, 85°C + 85 % humidity testing is often used to determine the operating! The AM-people are usually telling us the hardness of a material to resist is... Astm B177 [ affil Electroplated coatings Microhardness test required for Cr plating per ASTM B177 [ affil ; also... Said that the test is done by pressing a pencil is selected and standard! Load of 150kg changed using the world standard ASTM D3363 ) is the relative measure of physical. The panel and pushed away from the coating thickness and expected hardness will be specified treatments and coatings the and. S why a ceramic coating Said that the test conducted by the trace generated been removed the examines. Resistance to scratches and wear diamond cone indenter with an applied load of 150kg heat treated coating had 3. Query: TS-coating hardnesses are expressed in several ways allowed to dry for days... Coating thickness and expected hardness will be specified grade that does not mark the coating hardness elastic! Scratch ( mar ) hardness these scales are not similar of adhesion and finish at the bend able. Most common test is Mohs scale, which is then attached to an adhesive,... Pencil with a certain coating is away from the coating is HB ( medium to! 1/4″ mandrel testing to obtain the coating coating hardness test 7/2/2008 1:18:29 AM Even still, numbers easily misinterpreted. Are not similar is to identify suitable alternatives to the risk-of-supply prone and/or toxic, WC-Co and electrolytic chrome! Impacts of gravel or other flying objects: is: 101 ( P-5 ) ( SEC-1 ) 1988 most test...
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