epicondylar width of humerus

We monitored 12 patients to consider treatment selection. Epicondylar and transphyseal elbow fractures in children ... Epicondyle is a protuberance above the condyle of a bone to which ligaments or tendons are related and is present on the upper side of the joint. The condyle is a straightforward prominence on the bone the place it varieties a joint with one different bone that is situated on the lower side. The ratios of R1/R3 and R2/R3 were smaller on the involved side, indicating that the humeral head proximal-to-distal size was foreshortened relative to the already reduced dimensions in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. Abstract - International Journal of Morphology [6] . Epicondylar and transphyseal elbow fractures in children ... Treatment is nonoperative for the majority of fractures. Postnatal development of the largest subterranean mammal ... 39) to the most lateral portion of the external condyle (Fig. 27, no. The final range of motion of the elbow is not influenced by the size of the lateral spur. PDF Gross and morphometrical studies on the humerus of Indian ... PDF Three-Dimensional Variability of Static Anthropometric ... Fig. As shown in Table 2, the mean angle was measured to be 41.1° (range 1.0°-73.1°), with a standard deviation of 17.1°.The outliers were determined by calculating the z-score, and z-scores greater than 2 or less than − 2 were considered outliers. 4. Distal Epicondylar Humerus Locking Plate The shoulder has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body, secondary to the shallow glenoid fossa that is only 25% the size of the humeral head. RESULTS As shown in Table I, means of Maximum of Width / MAX of Length * 100 (the humeral aspect ratio =AR) were 3.47 ±.31, and the length of humerus 300.75 ±1.88 mm, and there were means of midshaft circumference was 60.51±.58 mm, and means of epicondylar width was In the pediatric population, medial humeral epicondylar fractures account for nearly 12% of all elbow fractures, with a notable proportion associated with elbow dislocations [1, 2].Males represent nearly three-fourths of those injured, with a peak age of 11-12 years [].The common origin of wrist flexors and medial collateral ligament attachments exert traction forces on the . Fractures of the humeral condyle are amongst the most common type of broken bone seen in dogs. In case of incarceration of the epicondylar fragment, particularly after elbow dislocation, several materials are used for fixation, including Kirschner wires (K-wires), metallic compression screws, tension band wire, and suture anchors. Humerus Üzeri̇nde Anatomi̇k Yapilarin Morfometri̇k Olarak ... b : a larger and more prominent one on the inner aspect of the distal part of the humerus or proximal to the medial condyle of the femur. Six measurements of humerus were taken. Falls account for most of these fractures [ 2 ]. The maximum humeral length ranged from 26.9-34.4cm width the mean of 29.69 + 1.63 cm. 53 showed that the most accurate measurement was the humeral epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 90% in a Japanese population and 93% in a Thai population; . The total preserved bi-epicondylar width is 52.0 mm (Walker and Leakey, 1993). J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986; 68:599. At the 2-year follow-up, stability of the elbow joint had been achieved without arthritic changes. Akbarnia BA, Silberstein MJ, Rende RJ, et al. The transepicondylar axis line was more internally rotated than the connecting line at the vertices of the intertubercular sulcus. Injuries causing excessive traction on these structures may result in an epicondylar avulsion fracture (Pathy, 2015; Gottschalk . Elbows were evaluated for the presence of medial humeral epicondylar lesions or discreet calcified structures and were described as they appeared. 42). A safe zone for the PIN was observed to be at a distance of 3.1cm distal to the lateral epicondyle. Of humeral head mm 4318 370390 427447 vertical. humerus epicondylar width (Negroid) 56.8: 63.9 (from Bass 1987:21, 150-151, 156, 219-221) Assignment. -Vertical diameter of humeral head: 42.7-Max length: 305.9-Epicondylar width: 56.8 (mm) Average Male Humerus-Transverse diameter of humeral head: 42.7-44.7-Vertical diameter of humeral head: 48.8-Max length: 339-Epicondylar width: 63.9 (mm) Average Female Tibia-Max epiphyseal breadth of proximal tibia: 70.26 When the medial epicondylar fragment is of sufficient size, a 3.5 mm or 4.0 mm cancellous cannulated screw is the preferred fixation. a : one on the outer aspect of the distal part of the humerus or proximal to the lateral condyle of the femur. A 24-year-old right-handed man suffered right olecranon and lateral epicondylar fracture from high energy trauma. Be able to estimate the age of an individual based on the pattern of dental eruption. — see epitrochlea. Distal humerus Epicondylar Supracondylar humerus Lateral and medial tendinopathy Loose bodies/OCD Osteoarthritis Bursitis Extensor tenosynovitis Ligamentous / soft tissue injuries W RIST AND H AND Fracture and dislocation Distal radius and/or ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Osteoarthritis of the wrist, carpus and MCP joints Tenosynovitis of . condylar width. of Humeral Head (mm) 43.18 37.0-39.0 42.7-44.7 Vertical Diameter of Humeral Head (mm) 43.18 42.7 48.8 Maximum Length (mm) 300 305.9 339.0 Epicondylar Width (mm) 60.96 56.8 63.9 FINAL SEX DETERMINATION _________________Male _____________________ List reasoning below: The majority of the bones . Data Analysis Maximum length was the most discriminating variable in sex dimensions. epicondylar apophysis is part of the entire distal humeral epiphysis. Examine specimen FEMUR1, which is a Negroid proximal femur. Fractures of the medial epicondyle make up approximately 12% of all pediatric elbow fractures 1 and occur most commonly in children between the ages of 7 and 15 . With the elbow in a 90-degree angle of flexion, the needle can be introduced just proximal to the olecranon and medial to the lateral epicondylar crest. The measurements were statistically analyzed. They also occur in cats but are much less common in this species. Measure the bicondylar width. Introduction. HUMERAL condylar fractures are among the most common fractures seen in dogs and account for approximately 20 per cent of the author's canine fracture caseload, although this is a referral population and probably does not represent the true incidence of these injuries. Be able to estimate the age of an individual based on the pattern of dental wear. Case reports also describe medial epicondylar fractures occurring after throwing a . thickness: 3.0 mm, width: 10.0 mm, distance between holes: 12.0 mm The greatest distance between the humerus and the fracture fragment is measured to be 2 mm. On the lateral projection, 1 of the dogs with Once in the joint space, the needle is guided cranially toward the humeral condyle (Fig. The largest percent change between sides was in R3 (−15.4%) and epicondylar width (−13.5%). Determining gender precisely using anthropological evidences like skeletal remains delimits the area of investigation and guides the investigator on the right track as to whether the cadaver belongs to a male or female human. The other 3 dogs with radiographic elbow OA at EOL had mild (2 dogs) and severe (1 dog) radiographic OA, respectively (Table 1). Also, a comparative study done by Işcan et al. Estimation of gender from skeletal remains is another major aspect that a forensic anthropologist deals with. Frutos (18), in his study in Guatemala; a total of 118 adult left-sided humerus were used. Medial Epicondylar Fractures are the third most common fracture seen in children and are usually seen in boys between the age of 9 and 14. midshaft diameter and epicondylar breadth were taken for each humerus. After resection of the epicondylar fragment, the LCL was repaired. AR is the humerus width expressed as a percentage of humerus length. Instability of the elbow was confirmed under general anesthesia. Most (85%) are nondisplaced. A value z on the major axis is defined by z = cos 9 log x -f- cos * log y. . Summarizing all elbow fractures with and without epicondyle involvement, multipartite epicondyles were observed in 9% medially ( n = 24 of 279) vs. 33% laterally ( n . It is still controversial whether fresh avulsion fractures of the medial or lateral epicondyle of the humerus in adults should be treated conservatively or surgically. In each individual, asymmetry was standardized by means of the following equation (Steele and Mays 1995): R L #100, (R L)/2 where R is the right epicondylar breadth and L is the left epicondylar breadth. For each observer, 900 linear dimensions were created (2 landmarks each with thirty repetitions) for each of the two dimensions. vidual is closely correlated with skeletal dimensions. The measurements taken on the humerus were the vertical diameter of the head, the maximum and minimum midshaft diameter, the epicondylar width, and the minimum width of the trochlea (Brothwell, 1981; Bass, 1987; Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994). The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal In contrast, age, height and Tanner stage were not related to humeral AR. The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal Three months after operation, he presented with limited range of motion (ROM) of the right elbow caused by malunion of the lateral epicondylar fracture and subluxation of the radiohumeral joint. The results revealed that the measurements of males were significantly higher than those of females (P < 0.001). Proximal humerus fractures comprise 4% to 5% of all fractures and represent the most common humerus fracture (45%). Record all answers on the answer sheet. The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal The largest percent change between sides was in R3 (−15.4%) and epicondylar width (−13.5%). A washer can also be used, but this increases the likelihood of subsequent need for implant removal. These fractures are much more common in boys than girls. Fixation of olecranon was performed by a previous doctor. Siffert, RS. The humerus is broad distally, giving an Epicondylar Index (= humeral epicondylar width/humeral length) 23 of 0.44, similar to that of modern wombat species Lasiorhinus latifrons and Vombatus . Measure the maximum diameter of the head. Applied singly, the humeral head diameter allowed the best distinction (90.41% correctly grouped cases), followed by the radial length (89.13%), the radial head diameter (88.57%) and the humeral epicondylar width (88.49%). (* Indicates sexing criteria.) and maximum bi- epicondylar width of distal segment were 5 cms and 6.3 cms respectively. Bi-Humeral Epicondylar breadth utilized the pairings of the landmarks Lateral Humeral Epicondyle and Medial Humeral Epicondyle. Humeral - Epicondylar Index The humeral epicondylar index (HEI) was larger in large prey specialists. The mean values of five measurements were significantly higher in males as compared to females (P < 0.001) with univariate analysis. Medial epicondylar fractures account for approximately 10 percent of elbow fractures in children [ 1,2 ]. It is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is directed slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position.In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called the ventral epicondyle of the humerus. — called also medial epicondyle. of the lateral humeral epicondyle [5]. The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal A safe zone for the PIN was observed to be at a distance of 3.1cm distal to the lateral epicondyle. humeral head, the least width at the middle of the humerus, the max- imum epicondylar width at the distal end of the humerus, the greatest o / ^<8 / / ^^^ LOG X Figure 1: Definition of the major axis by directional cosines. On analysis of the correlation co-efficient of right humeral fragments with the maximum humeral length, we *Not Affiliated with CSEP - PATH*This video shows you how to mark and measure your client's epicondylar Humerus width (breadth). When the medial epicondylar fragment is of sufficient size, a 3.5 mm or 4.0 mm cancellous cannulated screw is the preferred fixation. HRI Humerus robustness index Anteroposterior diameter at diaphysis divided by humeral length (APDH/HL) Indicates robustness of the humerus and its Humeral head-distal origin of deltoid process length divided by humeral length (DLH/HL) An estimator of in-lever arm of the deltoid and pectoral muscles. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980; 62:46. The other 3 dogs with radiographic elbow OA at EOL had mild (2 dogs) and severe (1 dog) radiographic OA, respectively (Table 1). Table 1. epicondylar width was measured as 13.88 mm in the left humerus and 14 mm in the right humerus, and 21.03 in the right humerus as the widest one, and 21.41 mm in the right humerus.however, it was difficult to determine sex on dry bones in our study. The most dimorphic single parameter on the basis of discriminant analysis was epicondylar width, with an accuracy of 80% in males and 87.5% in females. The epicondylar width was the third best of all measurements and better for identifying sex than the maximum length of the humerus. Comparatively, few authors studied the sexual dimorphism of the long bones of the arm. Conversely we found in female, positive correlations between medial and lateral angle with mid shaf t circumference (0.488**) and width of epicondylar and maximum length (0.511**) and medial angle, with medial and lateral angle (0.498**)and maximum width with length of humerous (0.512**); correlation of these parameters were not observed in males. There was no significant difference in the distal humeral width, epicondylar position and joint space tilt (p=0.072, 0.072 and 0.598, respectively) on the radiographs of the normal side between groups (Table 2). Double plating of the distal humerus for fracture treatment can be done in perpendicular (90° technique) or parallel fashion (180° technique) [14, 15].Biomechanical studies showed advantages of the 180° technique regarding primary stability [1, 8, 19, 23].Yet, the clinical outcomes of both fixation techniques are affected by severe complications, such as non-union and secondary dislocations . Medial epicondyle apophysitis (MEA), also known as little league elbow, is an overuse injury prevalent among adolescent athletes whose sport involves repetitive overhand throwing, racket use, or other overhead arm motions. All 3 of these dogs had visible osteophytes on the distal humerus on the craniocaudal projection. A washer can also be used, but this increases the likelihood of subsequent need for implant removal. Measurements Length (cm) Cranial Length 17.2 Cranial Height 12.9 Orbital Height 3.4 Orbital Width 3.4 Mastoid Length* 2.5 Palate Length 4.8 Mandibular Ramus Height 6.2 Symphysis Height 2.1 Mandibular Ramus Breadth 3.3 Lower 1st Molar Length 0.9 Lower 1st Molar Width 1.2 Femur Head Diameter* 3.8 Humeral Length 26.6 Humeral Midshaft Diameter 1.7 Humeral Epicondylar . 10.3 Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the right distal humerus of KNM-WT 15000. The age, breed, and sex of affected dogs were recorded. The medial epicondyle is an apophysis on the posterior-medial aspect of the distal humerus that serves as the origin of the flexor-pronator muscle mass and the primary origin of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). Estimation of gender from skeletal remains is another major aspect that a forensic anthropologist deals with. Focusing on elbow fractures with epicondyle involvement only, this difference was 38% medially ( n = 9 of 24) vs. 33% laterally ( n = 2 of 6) and no longer significant ( p > 0.05). Distance from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to Mean (cm) Range (cm) Entry into supinator muscle 4.0 3.1-5.3 The medial epicondyle of the humerus is an apophysis that serves as a point of attachment for the forearm flexor muscles, the pronator teres, and the medial collateral ligament (MCL). Table 1. Displacement of distal humeral epiphysis in newborn infant. condylar width. The needle will be inserted parallel to the olecranon and the long axis of the ulna. Orient the bone anatomically and locate the head. The medial epicondyle is an apophysis on the posterior-medial aspect of the distal humerus that serves as the origin of the flexor-pronator muscle mass and the primary origin of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). c. Humeral circumference index: The least In our study, the average length of the humerus was 304.56 ± 14.16 mm and 276.60 ± 10.89 mm in males and females, respectively. The patient's mother is strongly opposed to operative intervention and he is placed in a cast. Distal Epicondylar Humerus Locking Plate Product Description This plate is made to be used for treatment of distal lateral humerus fractures, comminuted (elbow) supracondylar fractures, nonunion and osteotomies of the distal humerus. The following measurements were taken: maximum humeral length (mean: 33.4cm in males; 30.7cm in females), vertical humeral head diameter (mean: 5.0cm in males, 4.4cm in females), humeral epicondylar width (mean: 6.6cm in males; 5.8cm in females), maximum ulnar length (mean: 26.5cm in males, 23.8cm in females), proximal Together at the 2-year follow-up, stability of the humerus and the long of. Of PIN from the humerus in infants maximum bi- epicondylar width by from. 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